Species which experience frequent respiratory and acid–base challenges are especially likely to benefit from blood gas analysis ( Camacho et al., 2013). The establishment of baseline physiologic parameters aids in complete characterization of population wellness, and may enhance conservation efforts ( Cooke et al., 2013 Madliger et al., 2016). However, increasing availability and affordability of point-of-care analyzers has boosted reporting of blood gas analytes from free-living wildlife populations in recent years ( Stoot., 2014). Buss et al., 2015 Spriggs et al., 2017) with relatively infrequent application for population health assessment (e.g. Innis et al., 2014 Harms et al., 2016) and sedative/anesthetic protocols (e.g. In wildlife, blood gas panels are employed primarily to evaluate the physiologic effects of capture/restraint techniques (e.g. It serves as a useful adjunctive diagnostic test for the assessment of individual animal health ( Keller et al., 2012 Stacy et al., 2013 2017). This study shows that box turtle blood gas analytes depend on several physiologic and environmental parameters and the results serve as a baseline for future evaluation.īlood gas analysis facilitates the clinical assessment of acid–base status, oxygenation and ventilation. Trends in the respiratory and metabolic components of the blood gas panel tended to be synergistic rather than antagonistic, demonstrating that either (1) mixed acid–base disturbances are common or (2) chelonian blood pH can reach extreme values prior to activation of compensatory mechanisms. Overall, blood pH was most acidic in quiet turtles with elevated PCVs during summer. pH, HCO 3 −, TCO 2 and BE were lowest in the summer, while pCO 2 and lactate were highest. Turtles with quiet activity levels had lower pH and pO 2 and higher pCO 2 than bright individuals. Elevations in PCV were associated with increases in pCO 2 and lactate, and decreases in pH, pO 2, HCO 3 −, TCO 2 and BE. Season, packed cell volume (PCV) and activity level were the most important predictors for all blood gas analytes ( P < 0.05). Candidate sets of general linear models were constructed for each blood gas analyte and ranked using an information-theoretic approach (AIC). Blood gas panels included pH, partial pressure of oxygen (pO 2), partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO 2), total carbon dioxide (TCO 2), bicarbonate (HCO 3 −), base excess (BE) and lactate. This study established reference intervals for venous blood gas panels in free-living eastern box turtles ( Terrapene carolina carolina, N = 102) from Illinois and Tennessee, and modeled the effects of environmental and physiologic parameters on each blood gas analyte. Blood gas analysis serves as a useful adjunctive diagnostic test for health assessment, but it is uncommonly applied to terrestrial reptiles. Pulse oximetry basic principles and interpretation.Sustainable wildlife populations depend on healthy individuals, and the approach to determine wellness of individuals is multifaceted. Comparison of SpO2 values from different fingers of the hands.
2013 Dec 44(4):236-242.īasaranoglu G, Bakan M, Umutoglu T, Zengin SU, Idin K, Salihoglu Z. Anemia and transfusion of red blood cells. Cerebral hypoxia information page.Ĭortés Buelvas A. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. Should you really have a pulse oximeter at home?. Hypoxia-related parameters during septic shock resuscitation: Pathophysiological determinants and potential clinical implications. Hypoxia after stroke: a review of experimental and clinical evidence. Hypoxemia in sickle cell disease: Significance and management. Human adaptation to hypoxia in critical illness. Clinical Procedures for Safer Patient Care Chapter 5: Oxygen Therapy. Relating oxygen partial pressure, saturation and content: the haemoglobin-oxygen dissociation curve. Under the microscope: Blood.Ĭollins JA, Rudenski A, Gibson J, Howard L, O'Driscoll R. Pulse oximeter accuracy and limitations: FDA safety communication.
Oxygen Saturation, Pulse Oximeters, and COVID-19. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing 2022 Jan.
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